Module projectile_sim
This module simulates projectile motion using VPython for visualization. It provides a ProjectileSimulator class that calculates and displays the trajectory of a projectile in different environments and for different projectile types.
Functions
def main() ‑> None-
Main entry point for the Projectile Simulator.
This function parses command-line arguments to determine whether to use predefined test parameters or prompt the user for input. It initializes the simulator with the appropriate parameters and runs the simulation. If the
--no_guiflag is set, the simulation runs without a graphical user interface (GUI).-
Command-line Arguments:
--test: Run the simulation with predefined test parameters.
--no_gui: Run the simulation without the GUI. -
Prompts:
- If not using predefined test parameters, the user is prompted to enter:
- The Environment (choose from canned Environments, or Custom)
- If a Custom Environment is chosen, enter the gravity (m/s²) and air density (kg/m³)
- The Projectile (choose from canned Projectiles, or Custom)
- If a Custom Projectile is chosen, enter the mass (kg) and radius (m)
- The initial speed of the projectile (m/s)
- The angle of launch (degrees)
- The Environment (choose from canned Environments, or Custom)
- If not using predefined test parameters, the user is prompted to enter:
-
What it does:
- Runs the simulation, optionally displaying it in a VPython GUI window.
- Waits for a key press to exit if the GUI is enabled.
-
Classes
class CurveType (*args, **kwds)-
Enum to hold the different type of curves.
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class CurveType(IntEnum): """ Enum to hold the different type of curves. """ ACTUAL = 0 """Curve of actual data with all parameters applied""" NO_AIR = 1 """Curve of data with no air resistance""" NO_AIR_45 = 2 """Curve of ideal curve at 45° and no air resistance""" NO_AIR_90 = 3 """Curve of ideal curve at 90° and no air resistance"""Ancestors
- enum.IntEnum
- builtins.int
- enum.ReprEnum
- enum.Enum
Class variables
var ACTUAL-
Curve of actual data with all parameters applied
var NO_AIR-
Curve of data with no air resistance
var NO_AIR_45-
Curve of ideal curve at 45° and no air resistance
var NO_AIR_90-
Curve of ideal curve at 90° and no air resistance
class Graph (graph: vpython.vpython.graph, curves: List[vpython.vpython.gcurve])-
Data class to hold Graph information. Every graph has a list of curves.
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@dataclass class Graph: """ Data class to hold Graph information. Every graph has a list of curves. """ graph: vp.graph curves: List[vp.gcurve]Class variables
var curves : List[vpython.vpython.gcurve]var graph : vpython.vpython.graph
class GraphType (*args, **kwds)-
Enum to hold the different type of graphs.
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class GraphType(IntEnum): """ Enum to hold the different type of graphs. """ DIST_HEIGHT = 0 """Distance vs. Height Graph""" TIME_HEIGHT = 1 """Time vs. Height Graph""" TIME_DIST = 2 """Time vs. Distance Graph"""Ancestors
- enum.IntEnum
- builtins.int
- enum.ReprEnum
- enum.Enum
Class variables
var DIST_HEIGHT-
Distance vs. Height Graph
var TIME_DIST-
Time vs. Distance Graph
var TIME_HEIGHT-
Time vs. Height Graph
class ProjectileSimulator (environment: Environment, projectile: Projectile, speed: float, angle: float)-
A class to simulate and visualize projectile motion.
Attributes
environment:Environment- The type of environment for simulation.
projectile:Projectile- The type of projectile for simulation.
speed:float- The initial speed of the projectile (m/s).
angle:float- The launch angle (degrees).
angle_rad:float- The launch angle (radians).
v0x:float- The velocity component in the x direction (m)
v0y:float- The velocity component in the y direction (m)
time_to_max_height:float- The time to reach the maximum height (s)
total_flight_time:float- The total flight time (s)
total_distance:float- The total distance traveled (m)
max_height:float- The maximum height achieved (m)
dist_at_max_height:float- The x distance traveled when at the highest point (m)
max_possible_dist:float- The max possible distance traveled at speed given (launched at 45°) (m)
max_possible_height:float- The max possible height reached at speed given (launched at 90°) (m)
max_possible_flight_time:float- The max possible flight time at speed given (launched at 90°) (s)
Args
environment:Environment- The type of environment for simulation.
projectile:Projectile- The type of projectile for simulation.
speed:float- The initial speed of the projectile.
angle:float- The angle of launch.
Raises
ValueError- If the launch angle is not > 0° and <= 90°.
Expand source code
class ProjectileSimulator: """ A class to simulate and visualize projectile motion. Attributes: environment (Environment): The type of environment for simulation. projectile (Projectile): The type of projectile for simulation. speed (float): The initial speed of the projectile (m/s). angle (float): The launch angle (degrees). angle_rad (float): The launch angle (radians). v0x (float): The velocity component in the x direction (m) v0y (float): The velocity component in the y direction (m) time_to_max_height (float): The time to reach the maximum height (s) total_flight_time (float): The total flight time (s) total_distance (float): The total distance traveled (m) max_height (float): The maximum height achieved (m) dist_at_max_height (float): The x distance traveled when at the highest point (m) max_possible_dist (float): The max possible distance traveled at speed given (launched at 45°) (m) max_possible_height (float): The max possible height reached at speed given (launched at 90°) (m) max_possible_flight_time (float): The max possible flight time at speed given (launched at 90°) (s) """ # Flag to indicate whether the GUI should be disabled (True = no GUI) _no_gui: bool = False def __init__(self, environment: Environment, projectile: Projectile, speed: float, angle: float): """ Args: environment (Environment): The type of environment for simulation. projectile (Projectile): The type of projectile for simulation. speed (float): The initial speed of the projectile. angle (float): The angle of launch. Raises: ValueError: If the launch angle is not > 0° and <= 90°. """ self.environment: Environment = environment self.projectile: Projectile = projectile self.speed: float = speed self.angle: float = angle if self.angle <= 0 or self.angle > 90: raise ValueError("Launch angle must be > 0° and <= 90°.") # Convert angle to radians for trigonometric calculations self.angle_rad: float = math.radians(self.angle) # Calculate initial velocity components self.v0x: float = self.speed * math.cos(self.angle_rad) self.v0y: float = self.speed * math.sin(self.angle_rad) # Key trajectory parameters self.time_to_max_height: float = 0 self.total_flight_time: float = 0 self.total_distance: float = 0 self.max_height: float = 0 self.dist_at_max_height: float = 0 # Calculate maximum possible distance, height, and flight time (used for graph scaling) self.max_possible_dist: float = (self.speed**2) / self.environment.gravity self.max_possible_height: float = (self.speed**2) / (2 * self.environment.gravity) self.max_possible_flight_time: float = 2 * self.speed / self.environment.gravity ### Initialize visualization attributes ### # Canvas for text self._canvas: Optional[vp.canvas] = None # We will have 3 graphs (if GUI enabled): # Distance (x) vs. Height (y) # Time (x) vs. Height (y) # Time (x) vs. Distance (y) # We will have 4 types of curves on each graph (if GUI enabled): # Actual data # Data at given angle with no air resistance # Data at 45° with no air resistance # Data at 90° with no air resistance self._graphs: List[Graph] = [] # Labels for canvas self._labels: Dict[str, vp.label] = {} def __del__(self) -> None: """ Clean up VPython objects when the simulator is deleted. """ try: if self._canvas: self._canvas.delete() self._canvas = None if self._graphs: for graph in self._graphs: graph.graph.delete() except Exception: pass @staticmethod def quit_simulation() -> None: """Stop the VPython server.""" if ProjectileSimulator._no_gui is False: # We don't import vp_services until needed, because importing it will start # the server, if not started already. import vpython.no_notebook as vp_services # type: ignore[import-untyped] vp_services.stop_server() @classmethod def disable_gui(cls, no_gui: bool) -> None: """ Enables or disables the GUI. Args: no_gui (bool): Flag to indicate where GUI should be disabled (True = disable GUI). """ cls._no_gui = no_gui def _setup_canvas(self) -> None: """Set up the VPython canvas for 3D visualization.""" self._canvas = vp.canvas(width=400, height=400, align='left') # Create blank label so this canvas will show first vp.label(text='', box=False) # Range of canvas labels will be -10 to 10 self._canvas.range = 10 def _create_graph_spacer(self) -> None: """ Create an invisible/empty graph for spacing (VPython doesn't separate the graphs decently by itself, so this is a workaround). """ spacing_graph = vp.graph(width=1600, height=20, align='right', foreground=vp.color.gray(0.95), background=vp.color.gray(0.95)) # Has to have a curve spacing_curve = vp.gcurve(graph=spacing_graph) # Plot a point so graph shows up spacing_curve.plot(0,0) def _create_canvas_spacer(self) -> None: """ Create blank canvas for spacer between canvas and 1st graph (VPython workaround) """ vp.canvas(width=20, height=400, align='left', background=vp.color.gray(0.95)) # We need to create a label for canvas to show up vp.label(text='', box=False) # Reselect the "real" canvas, so this one won't be used # (by default VPyhon uses the last canvas created) assert self._canvas self._canvas.select() def _add_graph_legend(self, curves: List[vp.gcurve]) -> None: """ Adds a legend to the specified curves. Args: curves (List[vp.gcurve]): A list of curves to add a legend to. """ curves[CurveType.ACTUAL].label = f'{self.angle:.1f}°, Actual' curves[CurveType.NO_AIR].label = f'{self.angle:.1f}°, No air' curves[CurveType.NO_AIR_45].label = '45°, No air' curves[CurveType.NO_AIR_90].label = '90°, No air' def _setup_graph(self) -> None: """Set up the VPython graph for trajectory plotting.""" # Scaling factor to give some margins to x and y axis scale_factor: float = 1.05 graph_width: int = 800 graph_height: int = 400 # Create a space between the canvas and the 1st graph self._create_canvas_spacer() # Setup main graph main_graph = vp.graph( title='<i>Projectile Motion Simulator</i>\n' + f'Initial Speed: {self.speed:.1f} m/s, Launch Angle: {self.angle:.1f}°\n' + f'Environment: {str(self.environment.type)} ' + f'(Gravity: {self.environment.gravity:.3f} m/s², ' + f'Air Density: {self.environment.air_density:.3f} kg/m³)\n' + f'Projectile: {str(self.projectile.type)} ' + f'(Mass: {self.projectile.mass:.3f} kg, ' + f'Surface Area: {self.projectile.area:.3f} m²)', xtitle='Distance (m)', ytitle='Height (m)', xmin=0, xmax=self.max_possible_dist * scale_factor, ymin=0, ymax=self.max_possible_height * scale_factor, width=graph_width, height=graph_height, align='left' ) # The size of the dot at the end of the curves dot_radius: int = 3 # Create list of main graph curves main_curves: List[vp.gcurve] = [] # Curve for data plot main_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.red, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.red)) # Plot a point to make it the first graph (first graph to plot a point becomes the first graph in VPython) main_curves[CurveType.ACTUAL].plot(0,0) # Ideal curve at given angle, no air main_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.orange, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.orange)) # Ideal curve at 45°, no air main_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.blue, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.blue)) # Ideal curve at 90°, no air main_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.magenta, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.magenta)) # Add legend text self._add_graph_legend(main_curves) # Add Graph and curves to Distance vs. Height graph self._graphs.append(Graph(main_graph, main_curves)) # Insert a graph spacer self._create_graph_spacer() # Create list of Time vs. Height graph curves th_curves: List[vp.gcurve] = [] # Time vs. Height graph th_graph = vp.graph( title='Time vs. Height', xtitle='Time (s)', ytitle='Height (m)', width=graph_width, height=graph_height, align='left', xmin=0, xmax=self.max_possible_flight_time * scale_factor, ymin=0, ymax=self.max_possible_height * scale_factor, ) th_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.red, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.red)) th_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.orange, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.orange)) th_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.blue, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.blue)) th_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.magenta, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.magenta)) # Add legend text self._add_graph_legend(th_curves) # Add Graph and curves to Time vs. Height graph self._graphs.append(Graph(th_graph, th_curves)) # Create list of Time vs. Distance graph curves td_curves: List[vp.gcurve] = [] # Time vs. Distance graph td_graph = vp.graph( title='Time vs. Distance', xtitle='Time (s)', ytitle='Distance (m)', width=graph_width, height=graph_height, align='right', xmin=0, xmax=self.max_possible_flight_time * scale_factor, ymin=0, ymax=self.max_possible_dist * scale_factor, ) td_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.red, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.red)) td_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.orange, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.orange)) td_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.blue, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.blue)) td_curves.append(vp.gcurve(color=vp.color.magenta, dot=True, dot_radius=dot_radius, dot_color=vp.color.magenta)) # Add legend text self._add_graph_legend(td_curves) # Add Graph and curves to Time vs. Distance graph self._graphs.append(Graph(td_graph, td_curves)) def _create_labels(self) -> None: """Create labels for displaying simulation information.""" assert self._canvas # Start labels 2 over from left margin (range -10 to 10) left_margin: int = -self._canvas.range + 1 # Start lines at line number 5 (range 10 to -10) line_number: int = 5 ### Create labels for various trajectory parameters ### self._labels['max_possible_dist'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text=f'Max Possible Distance (no air) @ 45°: { self.max_possible_dist:.3f} m', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 1 self._labels['max_possible_height_45'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text=f'Max Possible Height (no air) @ 45°: { self.max_possible_height/2:.3f} m', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 1 self._labels['max_possible_height_90'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text=f'Max Possible Height (no air) @ 90°: { self.max_possible_height:.3f} m', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 1 self._labels['max_possible_flight_time_45'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text=f'Max Possible Flight Time (no air) @ 45°: { self.max_possible_flight_time/math.sqrt(2):.3f} s', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 1 self._labels['max_possible_flight_time_90'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text=f'Max Possible Flight Time (no air) @ 90°: { self.max_possible_flight_time:.3f} s', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 2 self._labels['height'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text='', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 1 self._labels['time_to_max_height'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text='', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 1 self._labels['dist_at_max_height'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text='', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 2 self._labels['flight_time'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text='', height=16, align='left', box=False) line_number -= 1 self._labels['total_dist'] = vp.label(pos=vp.vector(left_margin, line_number, 0), text='', height=16, align='left', box=False) def _update_label(self, key: str, text: str) -> None: """ Updates given label's text, if GUI is enabled Args: key (str): The key for the label dict entry. text (str): The str to update the label with """ if ProjectileSimulator._no_gui is False: self._labels[key].text = text def _calculate_dt_and_rate(self, min_steps: int = 100, max_steps: int = 1000, target_fps: int = 500) -> Tuple[float, int]: """ Calculate the time step and frame rate for smooth simulation. Args: min_steps (int): Minimum number of simulation steps. max_steps (int): Maximum number of simulation steps. target_fps (int): Target frames per second for visualization. Returns: Tuple[float, int]: The time step (dt) and frame rate (rate). """ steps: int = min(max(min_steps, int(self.max_possible_flight_time * target_fps)), max_steps) dt: float = self.max_possible_flight_time / steps rate: int = min(int(1 / dt), target_fps) return dt, rate def _acceleration(self, vx: float, vy: float) -> Tuple[float, float]: """ Calculates the acceleration in the x and y direction. Args: vx (float): x velocity vy (float): y velocity Returns: Tuple[float, float]: The x-y components of acceleration. """ # Calculate speed speed = math.sqrt(vx**2 + vy**2) # Calculate drag force drag_force = 0.5 * self.environment.air_density * speed**2 * DRAG_COEFFICIENT_SPHERE * self.projectile.area # Calculate drag acceleration if self.projectile.mass > 0: drag_acc = drag_force / self.projectile.mass else: drag_acc = 0 # Calculate x and y components of acceleration ax = -drag_acc * vx / speed ay = -self.environment.gravity - (drag_acc * vy / speed) return ax, ay def _velocity_verlet_update(self, traj: Trajectory, dt: float) -> None: """ Uses the Velocity Verlet algorithm to update the x,y positions and velocities. Args: traj (Trajectory): The current trajectory of the object (x, y, vx, vy) dt (float): Time delta since last update """ # Half-step velocity update ax, ay = self._acceleration(traj.vel.x, traj.vel.y) vx_half = traj.vel.x + 0.5 * ax * dt vy_half = traj.vel.y + 0.5 * ay * dt # Full position update traj.pos.x = traj.pos.x + vx_half * dt traj.pos.y = traj.pos.y + vy_half * dt # Recalculate acceleration at new position ax_new, ay_new = self._acceleration(vx_half, vy_half) # Full velocity update traj.vel.x = traj.vel.x + 0.5 * (ax + ax_new) * dt traj.vel.y = traj.vel.y + 0.5 * (ay + ay_new) * dt def _plot_points(self, curve: Optional[vp.gcurve], x: float, y: float) -> None: """ Plots the x and y points on the curve, if GUI is active Args: x (float): x coordinate y (float): y coordinate """ if curve: curve.plot(x, y) def _plot_point_on_each_graph(self, curve: CurveType, pos: vp.vector, t: float) -> None: """ Plots the point on the curve specified on all graphs. Args: curve (CurveType): The curve to plot the data on pos (vp.vector): x-y position t (float): time """ self._plot_points(self._graphs[GraphType.DIST_HEIGHT].curves[curve], pos.x, pos.y) self._plot_points(self._graphs[GraphType.TIME_HEIGHT].curves[curve], t, pos.y) self._plot_points(self._graphs[GraphType.TIME_DIST].curves[curve], t, pos.x) def _plot_and_update_ideals(self, trajectories: List[Trajectory], t: float) -> None: """ Plots the x, y points on all the graphs for all the ideal curves (no air resistance), then updates the ideal x,y positions. Args: trajectories (List[Trajectory]): The trajectory data for all the ideal curves t (float): time """ for i, _ in enumerate(self._graphs, 1): if trajectories[i].pos.y >= 0: # Plot points self._plot_point_on_each_graph(CurveType(i), trajectories[i].pos, t) # Update x and y trajectories[i].pos.x = trajectories[i].vel.x * t trajectories[i].pos.y = (trajectories[i].vel.y * t) - (0.5 * self.environment.gravity * t**2) def run_simulation(self) -> None: """ Run the projectile motion simulation and visualize the results. This method sets up the visualization, calculates the projectile's trajectory, and updates the display in real-time. """ if ProjectileSimulator._no_gui is False: self._setup_canvas() self._setup_graph() self._create_labels() t: float = 0 dt: float rate: float dt, rate = self._calculate_dt_and_rate() pos_prev: vp.vector = vp.vector(0, 0, 0) max_height_reached: bool = False speed_at_45: float = self.speed / math.sqrt(2) ## Set initial trajectories for each curve type ## trajectories: List[Trajectory] = [] # Both actual and "actual with no air" start with the initial velocity given (broken into their x-y components) trajectories.append(Trajectory(pos=vp.vector(0,0,0), vel=vp.vector(self.v0x, self.v0y, 0))) trajectories.append(Trajectory(pos=vp.vector(0,0,0), vel=vp.vector(self.v0x, self.v0y, 0))) # At 45°, both x and y velocities are the same trajectories.append(Trajectory(pos=vp.vector(0,0,0), vel=vp.vector(speed_at_45, speed_at_45, 0))) # At 90°, x velocity component is 0, and y is the full speed given trajectories.append(Trajectory(pos=vp.vector(0,0,0), vel=vp.vector(0, self.speed, 0))) # While y is above the x-axis for the actual curve while trajectories[CurveType.ACTUAL].pos.y >= 0: if ProjectileSimulator._no_gui is False: vp.rate(rate) # Plot all the ideal values on all the graphs self._plot_and_update_ideals(trajectories, t) # Plot actual x,y position on all the graphs self._plot_point_on_each_graph(CurveType.ACTUAL, trajectories[CurveType.ACTUAL].pos, t) # Update flight time label self._update_label('flight_time', f'Flight Time: {t:.3f} s') # Check if max height is reached and update labels accordingly if max_height_reached is False: if trajectories[CurveType.ACTUAL].pos.y >= pos_prev.y: self._update_label('height', f'Height: {trajectories[CurveType.ACTUAL].pos.y:.3f} m') else: max_height_reached = True self.max_height = pos_prev.y self.time_to_max_height = t - dt self.dist_at_max_height = pos_prev.x self._update_label('height', f'Max Height: {self.max_height:.3f} m') self._update_label('time_to_max_height', f'Time to Max Height: {self.time_to_max_height:.3f} s') self._update_label('dist_at_max_height', f'Distance at Max Height: {self.dist_at_max_height:.3f} m') # Store current x and y pos_prev = copy(trajectories[CurveType.ACTUAL].pos) # Update actual x,y position and velocity self._velocity_verlet_update(trajectories[CurveType.ACTUAL], dt) # Update time t += dt # Set final values to last know values before y crossed x-axis self.total_distance = pos_prev.x self.total_flight_time = t - dt # If GUI active if ProjectileSimulator._no_gui is False: # Update final labels self._update_label('flight_time', f'Total Flight Time: {self.total_flight_time:.3f} s') self._update_label('total_dist', f'Total Distance: {self.total_distance:.3f} m') # Continue to complete ideal curve plots if they are in progress still while trajectories[CurveType.NO_AIR].pos.y >= 0 or \ trajectories[CurveType.NO_AIR_45].pos.y >= 0 or \ trajectories[CurveType.NO_AIR_90].pos.y >= 0: vp.rate(rate) # Plot all the ideal values on all the graphs self._plot_and_update_ideals(trajectories, t) # Update time t += dt # Else, print results if no GUI else: print() print('Input Parameters:') print(f' Initial Speed: {self.speed:.1f} m/s, Launch Angle: {self.angle:.1f}°') print(f' Environment: {str(self.environment.type)}', end=' ') print(f'(Gravity: {self.environment.gravity:.3f} m/s²,', end=' ') print(f'Air Density: {self.environment.air_density:.3f} kg/m³)') print(f' Projectile: {str(self.projectile.type)}', end=' ') print(f'(Mass: {self.projectile.mass:.3f} kg,', end=' ') print(f'Surface Area: {self.projectile.area:.3f} m²)') print() print(f'Max possible distance @ 45°: {self.max_possible_dist:.3f} m') print(f'Max possible height @ 45°: {self.max_possible_height/2:.3f} m') print(f'Max possible height @ 90°: {self.max_possible_height:.3f} m') print(f'Max possible flight time @ 45°: {self.max_possible_flight_time/math.sqrt(2):.3f} s') print(f'Max possible flight time @ 90°: {self.max_possible_flight_time:.3f} s') print() print(f'Max height: {self.max_height:.3f} m') print(f'Time to max height: {self.time_to_max_height:.3f} s') print(f'Distance at max height: {self.dist_at_max_height:.3f} m') print() print(f'Total flight time: {self.total_flight_time:.3f} s') print(f'Total distance: {self.total_distance:.3f} m') print()Static methods
def disable_gui(no_gui: bool) ‑> None-
Enables or disables the GUI.
Args
no_gui:bool- Flag to indicate where GUI should be disabled (True = disable GUI).
def quit_simulation() ‑> None-
Stop the VPython server.
Methods
def run_simulation(self) ‑> None-
Run the projectile motion simulation and visualize the results.
This method sets up the visualization, calculates the projectile's trajectory, and updates the display in real-time.
class Trajectory (pos: vp.vector, vel: vp.vector)-
Data class to store trajectory information (Position (x, y), Velocity (vx, vy))
Expand source code
@dataclass class Trajectory: """ Data class to store trajectory information (Position (x, y), Velocity (vx, vy)) """ pos: vp.vector vel: vp.vectorClass variables
var pos : vp.vectorvar vel : vp.vector